Capacitors
- Introduction to Capacitors
- Types of Capacitors
- Capacitor Characteristics
- Capacitance and Charge
- Capacitor Color Code
- Capacitors in Series and Parallel
- Capacitive Voltage Divider
- Capacitance in AC Circuits
- Applications of Capacitors
Resistors
- Introduction to Resistors
- Types of Resistors
- Resistor Color Code
- Potential Difference in Resistor Networks
- Resistor Power Rating
- Resistors in AC Circuits
- Varistor
- Resistors in Series
- Resistors in Parallel
- Resistors in Series and Parallel Combinations
- Applications of Resistors
Filters
- Introduction to Filters
- Passive Low Pass Filter
- Passive High Pass Filter
- Passive Band Pass Filter
- Band Stop Filter
- Active Low Pass Filter
- Active High Pass Filter
- Active Band Pass Filter
- Butterworth Filter
Operational Amplifiers
- Operational Amplifier Basics
- Inverting Operational Amplifier
- Non-inverting Operational Amplifier
- Summing Amplifier (Voltage adder)
- Differential Amplifier (Voltage Subtractor)
- Instrumentation Amplifier
- Integrator Amplifier
- Differentiator Amplifier
- Non-linear Op-Amp Circuits
- Operational Amplifier applications
Diodes
Transistors
- Introduction to Transistors
- Transistor Classification and Types
- NPN Transistor
- PNP Transistor
- Different Configurations of Transistors
- Junction Field Effect Transistors
- MOSFET Tutorial
- FET as a Switch
- Darlington Transistor Pair
Number Systems
- Digital Number System
- Binary Codes
- Signed Binary Numbers
- Binary to Decimal Conversion
- Hexadecimal Numbers
- Octal Number System
- Error Detecting and Correction Codes
IO Devices
- Introduction to Sensors and Transducers
- Position sensors
- Temperature sensors
- Light sensors
- InfraRed (IR) sensor (Obsatcle Detection sensor)
- Touch sensor
- Electromechanical Relay
- DC motors
- Sound Transducers
Miscellaneous
DC Circuit Theory
- Electricity Basics
- Electrical Safety
- DC Circuits Basics
- Ohm’s Law and Power
- Kirchoffs Circuit Law
- Source Transformations
- Mesh Current Analysis
- Nodal Voltage Analysis
- Star Delta Transformations
- Thevenin’s Theorem
- Nortons Theorem
- Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
- Superposition Theorem
Thyristors
- Thyristor Basics
- PNPN Diode or Shockley Diode
- SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
- SCR Turn On Methods
- SCR commutation techniques or SCR Turn off Methods
- Protection of SCR
- Thyristor or SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) Applications
- Thyristor ratings
- LASCR (Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
- TRIAC (Triode a.c. Switch)
- DIAC (Diode a.c. Switch)
- Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO)
Sequential Logic Circuits
- Introduction to sequential logic
- Latches
- Flipflops
- SR Flip flop
- JK flip flop
- D Flip flop
- T Flip flop
- Flip flop conversions
- Flip Flop Applications
- Shift Registers
Transformers
- Transformers introduction
- Transformers types
- Voltage transformer
- Current transformer
- Three Phase transformer
- Transformer Loading
- Open Circuit And Short Circuit Test On Transformer
Inductor
- Types of Inductors and Applications
- Inductive Reactance
- Inductors in Series
- Inductors in parallel
- Applications of Inductors
AC Theory
- Introduction to alternating current
- AC waveform and theory
- Sinusoidal Waveform
- Harmonics
- Average voltage of an AC waveform
- RMS voltage of an AC waveform
- Phase Difference and Phase Shift
- Phasors and Phasor Algebra
- Complex Numbers and Phasor
- AC Resistance and Impedance
- AC inductance
- AC capacitance
- Reactive Power
Combinational Logic Circuits
- Introduction to Combinational Logic Circuits
- Binary Adder and Subtractor
- Carry look ahead Adder
- Binary multiplier
- Binary encoder
- Priority Encoder
- Binary Decoder
- BCD to 7 segment Display Decoder
- Multiplexer
- Demultiplexer
- Digital Comparator
- Parity generator/checker
Digital Logic Gates
- Introduction to logic gates
- Logic NOT gate (Digital Inverter) tutorial
- Digital Buffer
- Logic OR gate tutorial
- Logic AND gate tutorial
- Logic NAND Gate Tutorial
- Logic NOR Gate Tutorial
- Exclusive-OR Gate Tutorial
- Exclusive-NOR Gate Tutorial
Electromagnetism
- Electrostatics
- Magnetostatics
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Radiation of Electromagnetic Waves
- Hall Effect Sensors
- MEMS Based Sensors
- Electromagnetic Actuators
- Applications of Electromagnetism
Systems
- Open loop System or Non-feedback system
- Closed loop systems or Feedback systems
- Negative-feedback-system
- Electronic System
- Negative Feedback Circuits
Oscillators
- Oscillator Basics
- R-C Oscillator
- LC Oscillator
- Quartz Crystal Oscillator
- Hartley Oscillator
- Colpitts Oscillator
- Wien Bridge Oscillator
- Voltage controlled oscillators (VCO)
- Relaxation Oscillator
Counters
- Introduction to Digital Counters
- Synchronous Counters
- Asynchronous counters or Ripple counters
- BCD or Decade Counter
- Johnson Ring counter
- 4017 Decade Counter and LED Sequencer
Boolean Algebra
- Boolean-algebra Basics
- Laws and Theorems of Boolean Algebra
- Boolean Functions or Switching Functions
- Implementation of boolean functions using Logic gates
- Karnaugh Map or K-Map
555 timer IC
- 555 timer theory
- Monostable multivibrator using 555 timer
- Astable Multivibrator using 555 timer
- Bistable multivibrator using 555 timer
- 555 timer as schmitt trigger
8051 Microcontroller
- 8051 Microcontroller Introduction and Basics
- 8051 Microcontroller Pin Diagram and Pin Description
- 8051 Microcontroller Architecture
- 8051 Microcontroller Memory Organization
- 8051 Microcontroller Instruction Set
- 8051 Special Function Registers (SFRs)
- 8051 Microcontroller Assembly Language Programming
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So is the, “Machine Language” still the standard, (Fortran 12)?
Or has the world, “And machine language” – moved on?
One of the first programs I ever wrote in, “Fortran 12” was to run in a simple, (five-axis, CNC mill). It was for machining the first, “Teflon” and also, “Nylon” replacement hip joints for the elderly. The design called for me to write a program which completed the “Hip Joints” and also, “Knee Joints”. And do so, “In a single machining process, using (only).
A total of 38 tools! Only 38 different tools in order to do everything needed! (38 was the total number of tool holders which this particular 20,000rpm spindle, @150HP.- CNC mill could be set-up with at one time).
Which was, “Absolutely, (State of the Art) back in, (1987)”!
The materials I tried out when making the prototypes included not just the two listed above. But also many more, “Exotic’s”
Which was, “A new type of classification, even at that time”. And many were also, “Classified” for security purposes as well!
And what would you think they would look like, “Sight Un-seen”? Just random average, “Earth” type shades right?
Well, with the exception of the solid, (Dirty-Yellow) colored “Kevlar”, and also the very similarly colored, “New, High Tech” metal, “Alloy” recently named, “Monel” in block form. ”
What”, would you think that I “might”, use to make and then (Lab test) these from, back in “1987”? To indeed make…-
What are, “Actually”, “Internal, Human Prosthetic, Replacement, Hip and Knee Joints” made from? I will say though.
“ALL” of the other materials had, (as “prefix” to their names, The word, “Virgin”! Which fit “Very” well indeed!
But Why?
Because, without exception? “ALL” of the other materials were a very, Very pure and Solid, (White) in color!
‘Virgin Nylon, Virgin Teflon, Virgin Polyester and on, and on…!
Which were all machined to their “Very” specific, and precisely dimensioned shape.
“Always” with an “inherent” close tolerancing,- And into that,
(Patient Specific), Custom made and dimensionally accurate.
“Specifically To”, that patients, own personal, “Finished Geometry”!
And all In a single, “One, 1.75 Hour-Long cycle”! Imagine watching the CNC mill at full speed. “Milling, Drilling and Roughing”. Then again, “Milling, Profiling and Finishing”. At a rate of up to “2000 Inches per minute”! With pure, solid micro-grain carbide tooling with “Titanium Nitride, coated endmills”!!! No one whom ever saw this didn’t comment about the ‘Forced, Snow white BLIZZARD taking place “IN-side, my machine shop! My “machinists” could barely keep up! Removing the artificial “Speed Blizzard” within their area’s was quite the task!. But, armed with snow shovels and large brooms they did! A “Symphony” Which, “I Wrote”! Coupled with the, “Dance” of the Machine! And also the, “Dancing Eye’s”! Of Those whom I watched enjoying the “Show” at certain times. Now that?
“THAT” was a feeling of a (Job Well Done)! And, “That”, can never be taken from me! Mine forever!
So, Your using maybe, like uhm, “Fortran #324.7” now?
Is “Swirl Interpolation” still, (G35 and G36)? Clockwise, L & R, respectively. “Then invert?
I always wanted a machine that could talk. And at the end of a long, long day?
That machine would, “With it’s voice a “Raspy, world weary and dull, thin and reedy chop”. “E’eor”,- yet gasps.
He grunts once and look’s around. Always, always as if it may be his last.
Finally he look’s you deep in the eye’s.
(You dread, what come’s next) And then..
AS HE “POOF”, Turns into, “BUG’S BUNNY”– But, ON STEROIDS! Higher voice! Nut’s in a vice-voice!
AND HE SAY’S?????
HEY FELLA, I GOT ANOTHER 8 IN ME. WHAT ABOUT YOU?
YA BETTER NOT WUSS-OUT ON ME AGAIN!! C’mon! Another 8 hours ‘o just me ‘n you fella…..”Put ”em up”! Put ’em uuup!
Or invest in Band Aid’s pal. Here I coooome!!
R. Scott O.
X-Factor Audio Solutions
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How to explain in detail the detail of PN junction diode in forward bias
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